Negotiation Basics: The Missing Lesson

This entry is part 1 of 6 in the series Negotiation

This article is part of the Negotiation Series.

There are many books and articles that discuss contemporary negotiation basics and I won’t repeat what they have to say. My aim, instead, is to discuss how my experience differed from what I was taught about negotiating basics. This experience includes buying and selling companies, raising funds from investors and shareholders, entering into operating and equity partnerships as well as hiring dozens of employees. My conclusion is that game theory doesn’t apply to negotiating but psychology does.

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Negotiation: Playing Chicken

This entry is part 2 of 6 in the series Negotiation

This article is part of the Negotiation Series.

Chicken is a famous game by which two drivers drive their cars towards each other at high speed. The first driver to swerve to safety is deemed a “chicken” and the loser. If neither driver swerves then a high speed collision results with serious injury and even death. This negotiating style has gained popularity as the strategy that a hard nosed negotiator uses, it has become sexy. This is a problem as it is completely destructive and after any game of negotiation chicken the working relationship between the parties involved become irreparably harmed. Continue reading

The Bluff: An Important Strategy Tool

This entry is part 3 of 6 in the series Negotiation

There seems to be a strong belief that playing poker teaches people how to invest or run a business. This is of course nonsense. The mathematics behind poker is complex and needs years of formal study to understand the game. The more appropriate notion is that a strong understanding of game playing is extremely useful to investing and business.

The branch of mathematics relevant to game playing is not, as most believe, probability but is called, not surprisingly, game theory. Game theory was made famous by the film A Beautiful Mind, depicting the life of one of the main developers of this mathematical field.

In this article I’d like to address just one facet of a successful poker strategy and that is bluffing. Somehow bluffing has taken on the connotation of lying or otherwise being dishonest. Many of the proponents of “poker as a substitute for an education” believe that this gives them license to be dishonest in their business dealing, in particular in negotiations. Their interpretation is wrong both mathematically and ethically. They might not care about the ethics, but from a mathematical point of view, lying is extremely sub-optimal and completely misses the point.

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Breaking Negotiation Deadlocks: Pricing the Free Option

This entry is part 4 of 6 in the series Negotiation

This article is part of the Negotiation Series.

Implicit assumptions in an argument are assumptions that are assumed true by one or more parties to the argument but not explained or proven to other parties to the argument, especially the decision makers. A simple example, used by parents against their children since time began, is: “If all your friends jumped off a building, would you do that as well?” The implicit assumption is that the friends in this case are not capable of making rational judgments and that if they are jumping off a building they must be foolish. The idea that there may be a good reason to jump is assumed away. We do not expect children to be able to identify such a subtlety. Unfortunately adults would have a hard time identifying this implicit assumption. Continue reading

Negotiation: Appeals to Authority and the Burden of Proof

This entry is part 5 of 6 in the series Negotiation

This article is part of the Negotiation Series.

Have you ever been in involved in a discussion or argument, knowing that you are correct and/or the other person is incorrect but had a hard time proving that you are right or the other person wrong? It is extremely frustrating. It can also be damaging to your career. The frustration comes from your difficulty in expressing logical arguments and, more often, recognising the logical fallacies in your opponent’s arguments. I’ll use an example of an executive who used false logic to try gain access to a large amount of funds. I will highlight the fallacies used in negotiation and how to counter them. Continue reading

Negotiation: Defending Against the Concession Tactic

This entry is part 6 of 6 in the series Negotiation

This article is part of the Negotiation Series.

Early in my career I got involved with a person who was supposed to be a partner but who in every interaction with me left me feeling used. Let’s call him Damien. It was easy for me to recognise when Damien was trying to manipulate me and I would refuse his requests. What took me time to understand was how to explain to my peers and stakeholders that Damien was not being reasonable and was in fact highly manipulative. It was only when I read the book Influence by Robert Cialdini that I finally understood the answer. Continue reading